Medizinische/biologische Studie (experimentelle Studie)

Effects of mobile phone radiation on UV-induced skin tumourigenesis in ornithine decarboxylase transgenic and non-transgenic mice med./bio.

[Wirkungen von Handy-Befeldung auf UV-induzierte Haut-Tumorgenese bei Ornithindecarboxylase-transgenen und nicht-transgenen Mäusen]

Von: Heikkinen P, Kosma VM, Alhonen L, Huuskonen H, Komulainen H, Kumlin T, Laitinen JT, Lang S, Puranen L, Juutilainen J

Veröffentlicht in: Int J Radiat Biol 2003; 79 (4): 221-233

Referenz im RIS-Format herunterladen

Ziel der Studie (lt. Autor)

Es sollten die Effekte Mobilfunk-typischer hochfrequenter Befeldung auf die durch ultraviolette Bestrahlung (UV) hervorgerufene Haut-Tumor-Entstehung in transgenen und nicht-transgenen Mäusen abgeschätzt werden.

Hintergrund/weitere Details

Transgene Mäuse und ihre nicht transgenen Wurfgeschwister wurden 52 Wochen bei UV-Strahlung oder einer Kombination aus UV-Strahlung und gepulster Hochfrequenz-Befeldung exponiert. Die UV-Dosis war 240 Jm^-2 und wurde 3 Mal pro Woche verabreicht. Eine Gruppe der Mäuse wurde bei hochfrequenter DAMPS (Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System)-typischer Befeldung exponiert, die andere Gruppe bei GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)-typischer Hochfrequenz-Befeldung.

Endpunkt

Krebs: Haut-Tumoren

Exposition/Befeldung (teilweise nur auf Englisch)

- Mobilfunk
- digitales Mobiltelefon
- GSM
- D-AMPS

Exposition	Parameter
Exposition 1: 849 MHz Modulationsart: gepulst Expositionsdauer: täglich wiederholte Exposition für 1,5 h/Tag, 5 Tage/Woche für 52 Wochen	SAR: 0,5 W/kg Mittelwert über Zeit (Ganzkörper) SAR: 1,5 W/kg Spitzenwert (Ganzkörper) (während der Pulse)
Exposition 2: 902,4 MHz Modulationsart: gepulst Expositionsdauer: täglich wiederholte Exposition für 1,5 h/Tag, 5 Tage/Woche für 52 Wochen	SAR: 0,5 W/kg Mittelwert über Zeit (Ganzkörper) SAR: 4 W/kg Spitzenwert (Ganzkörper) (während der Pulse)

Allgemeine Informationen

The transgenic and non-transgenic mice were randomized separately to four treatment groups: D-AMPS, GSM or sham exposed and cage-control.

Exposition 1

Hauptcharakteristika

Frequenz	849 MHz
Typ	elektromagnetisches Feld
Charakteristik	gerichtetes Feld
Expositionsdauer	täglich wiederholte Exposition für 1,5 h/Tag, 5 Tage/Woche für 52 Wochen

Modulation

Modulationsart	gepulst
Pulsbreite	6,67 ms
Folgefrequenz	50 Hz
Zusatzinfo	Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System (D-AMPS)

Expositionsaufbau

Expositionsquelle	Mobiltelefon Wellenleiter
Kammer	Three identical rectangular waveguide chambers made of aluminium were used for the D-AMPS, GSM or sham exposures. The exposure system has been described in more detail in the reference article. Computer-controlled mobile phones were used as a signal source and their signals were amplified. Speech was simulated by modulating the carriers with a random sequence of bytes. The output power was absorbed by a coaxial 10 W termination. The sham-exposed group was kept in an unenergised waveguide chamber.
Aufbau	The mice were restrained in small acrylic cylinders (32 mm i.d., length adjustable) preventing them from aligning their longitudinal axis parallel to the electric field. The restrainers were kept by a Styrofoam holder at the centre of the cross-section of the waveguide with the longitudinal axis perpendicular to the electric field and to the direction of propagation. Simultaneous exposure of 25 mice was possible in a chamber. The order of animals in the Styrofoam holder was randomized for each exposure session to ensure identical long-term average exposure.
Zusatzinfo	All but the cage-control groups were exposed to UV radiation three times a week preceding or after the RF exposure. The animals were exposed to UV radiation using lamps simulating the solar spectrum. The dose of the UV radiation was 1.2 human minimum erythemal dose (MED), i.e. a dose of 240 J/m², calculated according to the CIE wavelength erythemal weighting function (spatial variation within ± 10%, uncertainty of the measured values within ± 10%). The distance of the lamp from the animals was adjusted to reach the intended dose in 35 min. During the UV irradiations, the mice were kept in Macrolon III cages with a shallow wire lid preventing them from piling upon each other.

Parameter

Messgröße	Wert	Typ	Methode	Masse	Bemerkungen
SAR	0,5 W/kg	Mittelwert über Zeit	berechnet	Ganzkörper	-
SAR	1,5 W/kg	Spitzenwert	berechnet	Ganzkörper	während der Pulse

Zusätzliche Parameterdetails

Background ELF MF in the cages was below 0.05 µT, geomagnetic MF varied between 50 and 55 µT (60 to 80°). During UV exposures ELF MF was between 0.6 µT and 1.4 µT. The average ELF MF associated with shaving the fur of the animals by electric clipper was 5 µT.

Mess- und Berechnungsdetails

Power meters were used for measuring the input, reflected and output powers. The average SAR was calculated from the measured powers and the mass of the mice. The SAR was controlled daily by adjusting the input power. The dosimetric assessment performed at 902 MHz has been described in the reference article. The maximum deviation of the SAR of the individual mice was estimated similarly at 849 MHz using 37-g phantoms instead of mice and was found to be ± 30% for an adult mouse also at 849 MHz. The maximum time-averaged local SAR in the skin (3.1 W/kg for a small mouse, 2.2 W/kg for an adult mouse) determined with FDTD calculations at 902 MHz may also be applied at 849 MHz. In the skin area where the UV-induced skin changes typically developed (an area of about 2 x 1 cm along the midline of the dorsum), the estimated average SAR values were about 0.3-0.4 W/kg.

Exposition 2

Hauptcharakteristika

Frequenz	902,4 MHz
Typ	elektromagnetisches Feld
Charakteristik	gerichtetes Feld
Expositionsdauer	täglich wiederholte Exposition für 1,5 h/Tag, 5 Tage/Woche für 52 Wochen

Modulation

Modulationsart	gepulst
Pulsbreite	0,577 ms
Folgefrequenz	217 Hz
Zusatzinfo	GSM

Expositionsaufbau

Expositionsquelle	Mobiltelefon Wellenleiter

Parameter

Messgröße	Wert	Typ	Methode	Masse	Bemerkungen
SAR	0,5 W/kg	Mittelwert über Zeit	berechnet	Ganzkörper	-
SAR	4 W/kg	Spitzenwert	berechnet	Ganzkörper	während der Pulse

Referenzartikel

Heikkinen P et al. (2001): Effects of mobile phone radiation on X-ray-induced tumorigenesis in mice

Exponiertes System:

Tier
Maus/Transgene der Linie K2 (exprimieren das menschliche ODC-Gen über) und nicht transgene Wurfgeschwister
Ganzkörperexposition

Methoden Endpunkt/Messparameter/Methodik

molekulare Biosynthese: Ornithindecarboxylase (ODC)-Aktivität (Haut-Proben für die Polyamin-Analyse (HPLC))
Krebs: Haut-Tumoren
morphologische/histopathologische Veränderungen: Haut-Läsionen (Hämatoxylin-Eosin-Färbung)
endokrine Veränderungen: Bestimmung von 6-Hydroxymelatoninsulfat (6-OHMS) und Kreatinin
Körpergewicht; Überleben; Verbrauch von Nahrung und Wasser; Organ-Gewichte

Untersuchtes System:

isolierte biol./chemische Substanz (in vitro)
Gewebeschnitt (in vitro)
isoliertes Organ (in vitro)
Urinproben
Untersuchung am lebenden Organismus

Untersuchtes Organsystem:

Haut

Untersuchungszeitpunkt:

während der Befeldung
nach der Befeldung

Hauptergebnis der Studie (lt. Autor)

Die UV-Exposition führte zur Entwicklung makroskopischer Haut-Tumoren bei 11.5 und 36.8 % der nicht-transgenen bzw. transgenen Mäuse. Die Hochfrequenz-Expositionen ergaben keinen statistisch signifikanten Effekt auf die Entwicklung von Haut-Tumoren weder bei transgenen noch bei nicht-transgenen Mäusen oder bei einer kombinierten Analyse. Die Tumor-Entwicklung schien leicht beschleunigt zu sein, speziell bei nicht-transgenen Mäusen. Es wurden keine Effekte von Hochfrequenz-Expositionen auf die Exkretion von 6-Hydroxymelatoninsulfat (6-OHMS) und auf die Polyamin-Level der dorsalen Haut gefunden.

Studienmerkmale:

medizinische/biologische Studie
experimentelle Studie
Voll-/Hauptstudie

Studie gefördert durch

Benefon, Finland
Elisa Communications Corporation, Finland
Nokia
Sonera, Finland
Tekes (National Technology Agency), Finland

Kommentare zu diesem Artikel

Lin JC (2009): Cell-Phone Radiation and Cancer Studies in Normal Mice

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