Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Khalil AM et al. | 2011 | 動物, mouse/BALB/c, 全身 | DNA damage/oxidative stress (levels of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine in serum, brain and spleen) | 900 MHz | 1 W/kg | 30 min/day for 30 days | デジタル携帯電話, GSM, 移動体通信システム, RF電磁界 |
Stronati L et al. | 2006 | blood samples | chromosome aberrations, comet assay, formation of micronuclei, sister chromatid exchange | 935 MHz | 1–2 W/kg | continuous for 24 h | GSM, 移動体通信システム, 共ばく露 |
Speit G et al. | 2007 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養, ES-1 (human diploid fibroblasts) and V79 (Chinese hamster fibroblast cells) | comet assay and formation of micronuclei | 1,800 MHz | 1–2 W/kg | intermittent, 5 min on/10 min off, for 1, 4, 18, and 24 h | デジタル携帯電話, GSM, 移動体通信システム |
Lixia S et al. | 2006 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養, SRA01/04-hLEC (human eye lens epithelial cells) | comet assay, stress response/gene expression, cell proliferation | 1.8 GHz | 1–3 W/kg | continuous for 2 h | デジタル携帯電話, GSM, TDMA, 移動体通信システム |
Yao K et al. | 2008 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養, SRA01/04-hLEC (human eye lens epithelial cells) | DNA damage, intracellular reactive oxygen species formation | 30–90 Hz | 1–4 W/kg | intermittent, 5 min on/10 min off, for 2 h | デジタル携帯電話, GSM, 移動体通信システム, マイクロ波 |
Liu C et al. | 2013 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養, GC-2 cells (murine spermatocyte-derived cell line) | DNA damage, oxidative stress | 1,800 MHz | 1–4 W/kg | intermittent (5 min on, 10 min off) for 24 hours | 携帯電話, GSM, 移動体通信システム |
Duan W et al. | 2015 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養, GC-2 cells (murine spermatocyte-derived cell line) | DNA damage | 50 Hz | 1–4 W/kg | intermittent 5 min field on and 10 min field off for 24 h | GSM, 移動体通信システム, RF電磁界, 磁界, 50/60 Hz (AC) |
Tice RR et al. | 2002 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養 | DNA and chromosomal damage | 837 MHz | 1–10 W/kg | continuous for 3 or 24 h | GSM, CDMA, TDMA, 移動体通信システム |
Scarfi MR et al. | 2006 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養 | DNA damage (micronucleus formation), cell cycle kinetic | 900 MHz | 1–10 W/kg | continuous for 24 h | GSM, 移動体通信システム |
Tiwari R et al. | 2008 | blood samples | DNA damage | 835 MHz | 1.17 W/kg | continuous for 1 h and 2 h | 移動体通信システム, 携帯電話, デジタル携帯電話, CDMA |
Diem E et al. | 2005 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養, GFSH-R17 (transformed rat granulosa cells) and human diploid fibroblasts | DNA single-strand breaks and double-strand breaks | 1,800 MHz | 1.2–2 W/kg | continuous for 4, 16 and 24 h | GSM, 移動体通信システム |
Ferreira AR et al. | 2006 | 動物, rat/Wistar, 全身 | chromosome damage | 834 MHz | 1.23 W/kg | repeated daily exposure, 8.5 h/day, throughout pregnancy | アナログ携帯電話, 移動体通信システム |
Sannino A et al. | 2009 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養 | DNA damage (micronucleus formation) | 900 MHz | 1.25–10 W/kg | continuous for 20 h | 携帯電話, 移動体通信システム, RF電磁界 |
Sannino A et al. | 2011 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養 | DNA damage (micronucleus formation) | 900 MHz | 1.25–10 W/kg | continuous for 20 h | 携帯電話, GSM, 移動体通信システム, RF電磁界 |
Speit G et al. | 2013 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養, HL-60 (human acute myeloid leukaemia cells) | comet assay and formation of micronuclei | 1,800 MHz | 1.3–10 W/kg | intermittent, 5 min on/10 min off for 24 h | 携帯電話, 移動体通信システム |
Pesnya DS et al. | 2013 | 植物, <i>Allium ceps</i> (bulbs) | - | 890–915 MHz | 1.4 W/kg | continuous for 3 h/day on 3 days | デジタル携帯電話, GSM, 移動体通信システム, PW パルス波, 非EMF, 共ばく露 |
Maes A et al. | 1995 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養, ヒト, 全身 | chromosome aberrations | 450–900 MHz | 1.5 W/kg | continuous for 2 h | 移動体通信システム, 携帯電話基地局 |
Maes A et al. | 1996 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養 | sister chromatid exchange | 954 MHz | 1.5 W/kg | continuous for 2 h | 携帯電話基地局, GSM, 移動体通信システム, マイクロ波 |
Nikolova T et al. | 2005 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養, ES R1細胞(マウス胚性幹細胞) | 異なる影響(例:異なる転写レベル、遺伝毒性、転写、アポトーシス、細胞毒性、ミトコンドリア機能) | 50 Hz–1.25 kHz | 1.5 W/kg | intermittent, 5 min on/30 min off, for 6 h and 48 h | GSM, 移動体通信システム, 50/60 Hz (AC), 送電線 |
Guler G et al. | 2012 | 動物, rabbit/New Zealand, 全身 | effects on the liver of young rabbits (DNA damage and lipid peroxidation) | 1,800 MHz | 1.8 W/kg | continuous for 15 min/day on 7 days (female) or 14 days (male) | デジタル携帯電話, GSM, 移動体通信システム, PW パルス波 |
Valbonesi P et al. | 2008 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養, HTR-8/SVneo (human trophoblast cell line) | comet assay, gene and protein expression | 1,817 MHz | 2 W/kg | continuous for 1 h | デジタル携帯電話, GSM, 移動体通信システム |
Zhijian C et al. | 2009 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養 | DNA damage and DNA repair | 1.8 GHz | 2 W/kg | 5 min on - 10 min off, for 24 hr | GSM, 移動体通信システム, RF電磁界, 共ばく露 |
Franzellitti S et al. | 2010 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養, HTR-8/SVneo (human trophoblast cell line) | DNA damage | 1.8 GHz | 2 W/kg | 5 min on / 10 min off - for 4 hr, 16 hr or 24 hr | デジタル携帯電話, GSM, 移動体通信システム, AM 振幅変調, CW 連続波, PW パルス波 |
Zhijian C et al. | 2010 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養, HMy2.CIR (human B-cell lymphoblastoid cells) | DNA damage and DNA repair | 1.8 GHz | 2 W/kg | continuous for up to 28 h | GSM, 移動体通信システム, RF電磁界, PW パルス波 |
Xu S et al. | 2010 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養 | oxidative DNA damage | 1,800 MHz | 2 W/kg | 5 min on - 10 min off - for 24 hr | 携帯電話, GSM, 移動体通信システム, RF電磁界, PW パルス波 |
Hou Q et al. | 2015 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養, NIH3T3 cells (mouse fibroblast cell line) | oxidative stress, DNA damage and apoptosis in mouse embryonic fibroblasts | 1,800 MHz | 2 W/kg | intermittent exposure (5 min on/10 min off) for 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6 or 8 hours | 携帯電話, GSM, 移動体通信システム |
Suzuki S et al. | 2017 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養 | fertilization and embryogenesis; chromosome damage | 1,950 MHz | 2 W/kg | - | 移動体通信システム, 携帯電話, W-CDMA |
Mashevich M et al. | 2003 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養 | loss and gain of chromosome 17; aneuploidy | 830 MHz | 2–8.2 W/kg | continuous for 72 h | 移動体通信システム, 携帯電話 |
Kumar G et al. | 2015 | 単離された臓器, rat bones (femur and tibia) | - | 900 MHz | 2–12.4 W/kg | - | 携帯電話, 移動体通信システム, RF電磁界, CW 連続波, PW パルス波 |
Perrin A et al. | 2010 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養, THP-1 cells (human monocytic leukemia cell line) | DNA damage (comet assay and gamma-H2AX assay) | 1,800 MHz | 2–16 W/kg | continuous for 2 h | デジタル携帯電話, GSM, 移動体通信システム, RF電磁界, PW パルス波, 共ばく露 |
Zeni O et al. | 2008 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養 | formation of micronucleus during different cell cycle stages | 1,950 MHz | 2.2 W/kg | intermittent, 6 min on/2 h off, for 24, 44, or 24 + 44 h | デジタル携帯電話, UMTS, 移動体通信システム |
d'Ambrosio G et al. | 2002 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養 | chromosome damage, cell proliferation | 1.748 GHz | 2.25–5.02 W/kg | continuous for 15 min | GSM, 移動体通信システム, マイクロ波 |
Baohong W et al. | 2005 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養 | DNA damage | 1.8 GHz | 3 W/kg | continuous for 2 h | GSM, 移動体通信システム, マイクロ波 |
Baohong W et al. | 2007 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養 | comet assay | 1.8 GHz | 3 W/kg | continuous for 1.5 h or 4 h | デジタル携帯電話, GSM, 移動体通信システム, マイクロ波 |
Xu S et al. | 2013 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養, CHL (Chinese hamster lung) cells, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), primary newborn rat astrocytes, human amniotic epithelial cells, human lens epithelial cells (HLEC), human skin fibroblasts | DNA damage, DNA double strand breaks | 1,800 MHz | 3 W/kg | intermittent for 1 h or 24 h (5 min "on", 10 min "off") | 携帯電話, GSM, 移動体通信システム |
Li L et al. | 2001 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養, C3H 10T1/2 cells (derived from mouse embryo fibroblasts) | DNA damage | 835.62 MHz | 3.2–5.1 W/kg | continuous for 2 or 4 h | 移動体通信システム, CDMA, FDMA |
Bisht KS et al. | 2002 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養, C3H 10T1/2 cells (derived from mouse embryo fibroblasts) | formation of micronuclei | 835.62 MHz | 3.2–5.1 W/kg | continuous for 3, 8,16, or 24 h | CDMA, FDMA, 移動体通信システム |
Sykes PJ et al. | 2001 | 動物, mouse/pKZ1(transgenic, with beta-galactosidase gene (<i>lacZ</i>)), 全身 | intrachromosomal recombination, inversion frequency | 900 MHz | 4 W/kg | repeated daily exposure for 30 min/day for 1, 5 or 25 days (5 days/week) | GSM, 移動体通信システム, PW パルス波 |
Chang SK et al. | 2005 | 細菌, <i>Escherichia coli</i>/WP2uvrA; <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i>/TA 98, TA 100, TA 102, TA 1535 and TA 1537 | occurrency of revertants, DNA stability | 835 MHz | 4 W/kg | continuous for 48 h | 移動体通信システム, 携帯電話, CDMA |
Bourthoumieu S et al. | 2011 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養, amniotic cells | genomic instability (aneuploidy) | 900 MHz | 4–32 W/kg | continuous for 24 h | デジタル携帯電話, GSM, 移動体通信システム, PW パルス波 |
Vijayalaxmi et al. | 2001 | human blood samples | chromosomal aberration and micronuclei formation | 835.62 MHz | 4.4–5 W/kg | continuous for 24 h | 移動体通信システム, FDMA, CW 連続波 |
Vijayalaxmi et al. | 2001 | human blood samples | formation of micronuclei and chromosomal aberration | 847.74 MHz | 4.9–5.5 W/kg | continuous for 24 h | 移動体通信システム, CDMA |
Luukkonen J et al. | 2009 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養, SH-SY5Y (human neuroblastoma cell line) | DNA damage, production of reactive oxygen species | 872 MHz | 5 W/kg | continuous for 1 h | GSM, 移動体通信システム, RF電磁界, CW 連続波, 共ばく露 |
Luukkonen J et al. | 2010 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養, SH-SY5Y (human neuroblastoma cell line) | DNA damage, reactive oxygen species production | 872 MHz | 5 W/kg | continuous for 1 h for the ROS production experiment; continuous for 3 hr for the comet assay experiment | 携帯電話, GSM, 移動体通信システム, RF電磁界, CW 連続波, PW パルス波 |
Maes A et al. | 2000 | blood samples | chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchan | 455.7 MHz | 6.5 W/kg | continuous for 2 h | アナログ携帯電話, 移動体通信システム, マイクロ波 |
Zeni O et al. | 2012 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養, PC-12 cells | DNA damage, cell viability and apoptosis | 1,950 MHz | 10 W/kg | continuous for 24 h | UMTS, W-CDMA, 移動体通信システム |
Vijayalaxmi et al. | 2013 | blood samples | micronuclei formation | 2,450 MHz | 10.9 W/kg | continuous for 2 h | 携帯電話, UMTS, W-CDMA, 移動体通信システム, RF電磁界, CW 連続波, PW パルス波, 2.45 GHz, 職業的, 共ばく露 |
Huang TQ et al. | 2008 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養, HEI-OC1 cells (immortalized mouse auditory hair cells) | cell cycle, DNA damage, stress response, and gene expression | 1,763 MHz | 20 W/kg | continuous for 24 h and 48 h | 移動体通信システム, 携帯電話, CDMA |
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